電(dian)子元(yuan)器(qi)件,指電(dian)子元(yuan)件和電(dian)小型(xing)的(de)機(ji)器(qi)、儀器(qi)的(de)組(zu)成(cheng)部分,其本身常由若(ruo)干零件構成(cheng),可以在同類產品中通用;常指電(dian)器(qi)、無線電(dian)、儀表等工業的(de)某些零件,如電(dian)容、晶體管、游(you)絲(si)、發條等子器(qi)件的(de)總稱。常見的(de)有二極管等。下面我們來(lai)了(le)解更全的(de)電(dian)子元(yuan)器(qi)件知識。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)元(yuan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)包括:電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)管、散熱器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、機電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)、連接器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、半(ban)導體(ti)分立(li)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)聲器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)、激(ji)光(guang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)顯示器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)、光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)、傳(chuan)感器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)、開關、微特電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)變壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、印制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)板(ban)、集成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、各(ge)類電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、晶體(ti)、石英、陶(tao)瓷磁(ci)性(xing)材料、印刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)用基材基板(ban)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)功(gong)能工藝專(zhuan)用材料、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)膠(jiao)(帶(dai))制品、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)化學(xue)材料及部(bu)品等。
電(dian)子元件知識——電(dian)阻器
-電阻(zu):導電體(ti)對電流(liu)的阻(zu)礙作用稱為電阻(zu),用符(fu)號R表示,單(dan)位為歐(ou)姆(mu)、千歐(ou)、兆歐(ou),分別用Ω、KΩ、MΩ表示。
-電阻的型號(hao)命名方法:國產電阻器的型號(hao)由(you)四部分組成(不適(shi)用(yong)敏(min)感電阻)①主稱;②材料;③分類;④ 序號(hao)。
-電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)器的分(fen)類:①線繞(rao)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)器;②薄膜(mo)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)器:碳(tan)膜(mo)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)器、合成碳(tan)膜(mo)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)器、金屬(shu)膜(mo)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)器、金屬(shu)氧(yang)化膜(mo)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)器、化學(xue)沉(chen)積(ji)膜(mo)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)器、玻璃釉膜(mo)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)器、金屬(shu)氮化膜(mo)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)器;③實心(xin)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)器;④敏感(gan)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)器:壓(ya)敏電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)器、熱敏電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)器、光敏電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)器、力敏電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)器、氣敏電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)器、濕敏電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)器。
電阻器阻值標示方(fang)法(fa):
1、直標法:用數字和單位符號(hao)在電(dian)阻器表面(mian)標出阻值,其允許誤差(cha)直接(jie)用百分(fen)數表示(shi),若電(dian)阻上未(wei)注偏差(cha),則均為(wei)±20%。
2、文字(zi)符號(hao)(hao)法:用阿拉伯數(shu)字(zi)和文字(zi)符號(hao)(hao)兩(liang)者有(you)規律(lv)的組(zu)合來(lai)表(biao)示(shi)(shi)標(biao)稱(cheng)阻(zu)值,其允(yun)(yun)許(xu)(xu)偏(pian)差(cha)也用文字(zi)符號(hao)(hao)表(biao)示(shi)(shi)。符號(hao)(hao)前(qian)面的數(shu)字(zi)表(biao)示(shi)(shi)整(zheng)數(shu)阻(zu)值,后(hou)面的數(shu)字(zi)依次表(biao)示(shi)(shi)第(di)一位小數(shu)阻(zu)值和第(di)二位小數(shu)阻(zu)值。表(biao)示(shi)(shi)允(yun)(yun)許(xu)(xu)誤(wu)差(cha)的文字(zi)符號(hao)(hao)文字(zi)符號(hao)(hao):DFGJKM允(yun)(yun)許(xu)(xu)偏(pian)差(cha)分別(bie)為:±0.5%±1%±2%±5%±10%±20%。
3、數(shu)碼(ma)法:在電阻器(qi)上用(yong)三位(wei)數(shu)碼(ma)表示(shi)(shi)標稱值的標志方法。數(shu)碼(ma)從左到(dao)右,第一、二位(wei)為有效值,第三位(wei)為指數(shu),即零的個數(shu),單位(wei)為歐。偏差通常采用(yong)文字符號表示(shi)(shi)。
4、色(se)標(biao)法:用不同顏色(se)的帶或點(dian)在電阻(zu)器表面標(biao)出標(biao)稱阻(zu)值和(he)允許偏(pian)差。國外電阻(zu)大部分采用色(se)標(biao)法。
黑-0、棕-1、紅-2、橙(cheng)-3、黃-4、綠-5、藍(lan)-6、紫-7、灰-8、白-9、金-±5%、銀-±10%、無(wu)色(se)-±20%
當電阻為(wei)(wei)四環(huan)時,最后一環(huan)必(bi)為(wei)(wei)金(jin)色(se)(se)或銀色(se)(se),前兩(liang)位(wei)(wei)為(wei)(wei)有(you)效數字,第三位(wei)(wei)為(wei)(wei)乘方數,第四位(wei)(wei)為(wei)(wei)偏差。
當(dang)電阻為(wei)五(wu)環時,最後一環與前面四環距離較大。前三位為(wei)有效數字,第四位為(wei)乘方數,第五(wu)位為(wei)偏差。
貼(tie)片(pian)電(dian)阻(zu)的(de)阻(zu)值識(shi)(shi)別:(在通常的(de)貼(tie)片(pian)電(dian)阻(zu)電(dian)阻(zu)表(biao)面都標識(shi)(shi)數字,或(huo)用字母來表(biao)示,阻(zu)值數法如(ru)下。
1.第(di)一、二(er)位數(shu)代(dai)表的是電阻的實數(shu)。
2.第(di)三位開始的數字如是0就代表幾十歐(ou)(ou)(10~99歐(ou)(ou)之間)列:100就為10歐(ou)(ou)的電阻、990為99歐(ou)(ou)的電阻
3.第三(san)位開(kai)始的數字如(ru)是(shi)1就代表(biao)幾百歐(ou)(100~999歐(ou)之間)例:101為(wei)(wei)100歐(ou)、151為(wei)(wei)150歐(ou)、951為(wei)(wei)950歐(ou)
4.第三(san)位開(kai)始的數字如是(shi)2就代表幾千歐(1000~9999歐之間)例:102為1K、152為1.5K、992為9.9K
5.第(di)三位(wei)開始(shi)的數(shu)字如是3就代(dai)表(biao)幾十K(10K~99K之間)例:103為(wei)10K、223為(wei)22K、993為(wei)99K
6.第(di)三位(wei)開始的數字(zi)如是4就(jiu)代表(biao)幾百(bai)K(100K~999K之間)例:104為100K、204為200K、854為850K
7.第三位(wei)開始(shi)的數字如是5就代表幾(ji)M(1M~9.9之間)例:105為1M、155為1.5M955為9.5M
8.第三(san)位(wei)開(kai)始的數字(zi)如是6就(jiu)代表十M(100K~999K之間)例:106為10M566為56M
9.對于四個數字(zi)的標(biao)法就(jiu)是前三位(wei)為實數,第四位(wei)為倍數.1001為1K、1002為10K、1005為10M
電子元件(jian)知識——電容器
電(dian)(dian)(dian)容:是(shi)表征電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)容納電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷的(de)(de)(de)本領的(de)(de)(de)物理量。我們把電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)兩極板間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)勢差增加1伏所(suo)需的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量,叫做(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容。電(dian)(dian)(dian)容的(de)(de)(de)符號是(shi)C。電(dian)(dian)(dian)容是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)設備中(zhong)大量使用的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)元(yuan)件(jian)之一,廣(guang)泛應用于隔(ge)直,耦合,旁路(lu),濾波,調(diao)諧回路(lu),能量轉(zhuan)換,控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)等方面。用C表示電(dian)(dian)(dian)容,電(dian)(dian)(dian)容單位有法拉(F)、微(wei)法拉(uF)、皮法拉(pF),1F=10*6uF=10*12pF
1法(fa)(fa)拉(F)=1000000微法(fa)(fa)(μF)1微法(fa)(fa)(μF)=1000納(na)法(fa)(fa)(nF)=1000000皮法(fa)(fa)(pF)
電容(rong)器(qi)的(de)(de)型號命名(ming)方法(fa):國產(chan)電容(rong)器(qi)的(de)(de)型號一般(ban)由四部分組(zu)成(不適(shi)用于壓敏、可變、真空電容(rong)器(qi))。依次分別(bie)代表名(ming)稱、材料、分類和序號。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器的(de)(de)極(ji)(ji)(ji)性判別方(fang)法:用萬用表(biao)測量就(jiu)可以了(le),先(xian)把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),然后(hou)將表(biao)筆接到兩(liang)端(duan),擺動大(da)的(de)(de)那次(ci)就(jiu)對了(le),但要注意:指針表(biao)的(de)(de)正極(ji)(ji)(ji)對的(de)(de)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)的(de)(de)負(fu)(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji),數(shu)字表(biao)相反,而且(qie),兩(liang)次(ci)測量之間,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)必須放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。(2)用引腳長短(duan)來區別正負(fu)(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)長腳為(wei)(wei)正,短(duan)腳為(wei)(wei)負(fu)(fu)(fu);電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)上(shang)面有(you)(you)標志的(de)(de)黑塊為(wei)(wei)負(fu)(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)。在PCB上(shang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)位置上(shang)有(you)(you)兩(liang)個(ge)半圓,涂顏色的(de)(de)半圓對應(ying)的(de)(de)引腳為(wei)(wei)負(fu)(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)。
電容器的分(fen)類:
按(an)照其極(ji)性(xing)分為二大類(lei):有極(ji)性(xing)電容器(qi)(如(ru)電解電容)和無(wu)極(ji)性(xing)電容器(qi)。
按(an)照(zhao)結構分三(san)大(da)類:固(gu)定電容器、可變電容器和(he)微調電容器。
按電(dian)(dian)解(jie)質分類有(you):有(you)機介質電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)(qi)、無機介質電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)解(jie)電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)(qi)和空氣介質電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)(qi)等。
按用途分有:高頻(pin)旁路(lu)、低頻(pin)旁路(lu)、濾(lv)波、調諧、高頻(pin)耦合、低頻(pin)耦合、小(xiao)型電容器。
電容器容量(liang)標示:
1、直(zhi)(zhi)標法:用(yong)數(shu)字(zi)和單位符號直(zhi)(zhi)接標出。如01uF表示0.01微(wei)(wei)法,有(you)些電容用(yong)“R”表示小數(shu)點,如R56表示0.56微(wei)(wei)法。
2、文(wen)字符號(hao)法:用數字和文(wen)字符號(hao)有規律的組合來表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)容量。如(ru)p10表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)0.1pF,1p0表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)1pF,6P8表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)6.8pF,2u2表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)2.2uF.
3、色(se)標法:用色(se)環(huan)或色(se)點(dian)表示電(dian)容(rong)器的主(zhu)要(yao)參數。電(dian)容(rong)器的色(se)標法與電(dian)阻(zu)相同。
電(dian)容器偏差(cha)標志符號:+100%-0--H、+100%-10%--R、+50%-10%--T、+30%-10%--Q、+50%-20%--S、+80%-20%--Z。
常用電容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi):鋁電解電容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)、鉭電解電容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)、薄膜(mo)電容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)、瓷介電容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)、獨石電容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)、紙質電容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)、微調(diao)電容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)、陶(tao)瓷電容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)、玻璃釉(you)電容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)、云母(mu)和聚苯乙(yi)烯(xi)介質電容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)。
電子元(yuan)件(jian)知(zhi)識(shi)——電感器
※電(dian)(dian)感(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi):電(dian)(dian)感(gan)線(xian)圈(quan)是由導線(xian)一圈(quan)*一圈(quan)地繞在絕緣(yuan)(yuan)管(guan)上,導線(xian)彼此互(hu)相絕緣(yuan)(yuan),而絕緣(yuan)(yuan)管(guan)可以是空(kong)心的,也可以包(bao)含鐵芯或磁粉(fen)芯,簡稱電(dian)(dian)感(gan)。在電(dian)(dian)子制作中雖然使(shi)用得不是很多,但它們在電(dian)(dian)路中同(tong)樣重要。電(dian)(dian)感(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)和電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)(qi)一樣,也是一種儲(chu)能(neng)元件,它能(neng)把(ba)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉變為磁場能(neng),并在磁場中儲(chu)存(cun)能(neng)量。電(dian)(dian)感(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)用符號(hao)L表示,它的基本單(dan)位是亨利(H),常用毫亨(mH)為單(dan)位。
電感器的(de)分(fen)類:
按電(dian)感形(xing)式分類:固定電(dian)感、可變電(dian)感。
按繞線(xian)結構分類(lei):單層(ceng)線(xian)圈、多(duo)層(ceng)線(xian)圈、蜂房式線(xian)圈。
按導(dao)磁體性質分類(lei):空芯(xin)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)、鐵氧體線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)、鐵芯(xin)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)、銅芯(xin)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)。
按(an)工作性質分類:天線(xian)(xian)(xian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)、振蕩線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)、扼(e)流線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)、陷波線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)、偏轉(zhuan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)。
電(dian)(dian)感(gan)器(qi)作用特(te)性(xing)(xing):它經常和電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)一起工(gong)作,構成LC濾波器(qi)、LC振蕩器(qi)等(deng)。另外,人們(men)還利用電(dian)(dian)感(gan)的(de)(de)特(te)性(xing)(xing),制造了阻流(liu)圈、變壓器(qi)、繼電(dian)(dian)器(qi)等(deng);電(dian)(dian)感(gan)器(qi)的(de)(de)特(te)性(xing)(xing)恰(qia)恰(qia)與電(dian)(dian)容的(de)(de)特(te)性(xing)(xing)相反,它具有阻止交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)通過而讓直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)通過的(de)(de)特(te)性(xing)(xing)。
收音機(ji)上(shang)(shang)就有不(bu)少電(dian)感(gan)線(xian)圈(quan),幾乎都是用漆包(bao)線(xian)繞(rao)成(cheng)的(de)空(kong)心線(xian)圈(quan)或在(zai)骨架(jia)磁芯、鐵芯上(shang)(shang)繞(rao)制而成(cheng)的(de)。有天線(xian)線(xian)圈(quan)(它是用漆包(bao)線(xian)在(zai)磁棒上(shang)(shang)繞(rao)制而成(cheng)的(de))、中(zhong)頻變壓器(qi)(俗(su)稱中(zhong)周)、輸(shu)入輸(shu)出變壓器(qi)等等。
常用電感(gan)器(qi):單(dan)層線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)、蜂房式線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)、鐵氧體磁芯和鐵粉芯線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)、銅芯線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)、色碼電感(gan)器(qi)、阻流(liu)圈(quan)(扼流(liu)圈(quan))、偏轉線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)。
變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi):是由(you)鐵芯(xin)(xin)和繞(rao)(rao)在(zai)絕緣骨架(jia)上(shang)的(de)(de)銅線圈(quan)線構成的(de)(de)。絕緣銅線繞(rao)(rao)在(zai)塑料(liao)骨架(jia)上(shang),每個(ge)骨架(jia)需繞(rao)(rao)制輸入和輸出(chu)兩(liang)組(zu)線圈(quan)。線圈(quan)中間用(yong)絕緣紙隔離。繞(rao)(rao)好(hao)后(hou)將許多鐵芯(xin)(xin)薄(bo)片(pian)插(cha)在(zai)塑料(liao)骨架(jia)的(de)(de)中間。這樣(yang)就能夠使線圈(quan)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)感量顯著增大(da)。變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁感應原理從它(ta)的(de)(de)一個(ge)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)向另(ling)兒(er)個(ge)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)傳(chuan)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)能量。變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路中具(ju)有重要的(de)(de)功能:耦(ou)合(he)交流信(xin)號而(er)阻隔直流信(xin)號,并可(ke)以(yi)改變(bian)(bian)輸入輸出(chu)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓比;利用(yong)變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)路兩(liang)端(duan)的(de)(de)阻抗得到良好(hao)匹(pi)配(pei),以(yi)獲得最大(da)限(xian)度的(de)(de)傳(chuan)送信(xin)號功率。
繼(ji)電(dian)器:就是(shi)(shi)電(dian)子機械開(kai)關,它是(shi)(shi)用(yong)漆包銅(tong)線在(zai)一個(ge)(ge)圓(yuan)鐵(tie)(tie)芯(xin)(xin)上繞幾百圈(quan)(quan)(quan)至(zhi)幾千圈(quan)(quan)(quan),當(dang)線圈(quan)(quan)(quan)中(zhong)流過電(dian)流時,圓(yuan)鐵(tie)(tie)芯(xin)(xin)產(chan)生了(le)磁(ci)場,把圓(yuan)鐵(tie)(tie)芯(xin)(xin)上邊的(de)(de)(de)帶有接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)片(pian)的(de)(de)(de)鐵(tie)(tie)板吸住,使之斷開(kai)第一個(ge)(ge)觸(chu)(chu)點而接(jie)通第二個(ge)(ge)開(kai)關觸(chu)(chu)點。當(dang)線圈(quan)(quan)(quan)斷電(dian)時,鐵(tie)(tie)芯(xin)(xin)失(shi)去磁(ci)性,由于接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)銅(tong)片(pian)的(de)(de)(de)彈性作用(yong),使鐵(tie)(tie)板離開(kai)鐵(tie)(tie)芯(xin)(xin),恢(hui)復與(yu)第一個(ge)(ge)觸(chu)(chu)點的(de)(de)(de)接(jie)通。因(yin)此,可以(yi)用(yong)很小的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)流去控制其他電(dian)路的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)關。整個(ge)(ge)繼(ji)電(dian)器由塑料(liao)或有機玻(bo)璃防(fang)塵(chen)罩(zhao)保護(hu)著,有的(de)(de)(de)還是(shi)(shi)全密(mi)封的(de)(de)(de),以(yi)防(fang)觸(chu)(chu)電(dian)氧化。
電子元件(jian)知(zhi)識——半導體器件(jian)
半導(dao)(dao)體(ti):是(shi)一(yi)種具有特殊性質的物(wu)質,它不(bu)像導(dao)(dao)體(ti)一(yi)樣(yang)能夠完全(quan)導(dao)(dao)電,又不(bu)像絕緣體(ti)那樣(yang)不(bu)能導(dao)(dao)電,它介于兩者之間(jian),所(suo)以稱為半導(dao)(dao)體(ti)。半導(dao)(dao)體(ti)最(zui)重要的兩種元素(su)是(shi)硅(gui)(讀“gui”)和鍺(讀“zhe”)。
半導體(ti)分類:半導體(ti)主要分為二極管、三極管、可(ke)控(kong)硅、集成電路。
二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)分類:用(yong)于(yu)穩壓的(de)(de)穩壓二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan),用(yong)于(yu)數字(zi)電路(lu)的(de)(de)開關二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan),用(yong)于(yu)調諧(xie)的(de)(de)變容二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan),以及光電二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)等,最常看見的(de)(de)是發光二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)、整流二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)……二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)在電路(lu)中用(yong)“D”表示(shi);發光二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)用(yong)“LED”表示(shi);穩壓二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)用(yong)“Z”表示(shi)。
二極管極性判別(bie):
(1)普通二極(ji)管:一般把(ba)極(ji)性標示在二極(ji)管的(de)(de)外(wai)殼上。大(da)多數用一個不同顏色的(de)(de)環來表示負極(ji),有的(de)(de)直接標上“-”號(hao)。
(2)發(fa)光(guang)(guang)二極(ji)管(guan)的(de)極(ji)性判別(bie)可以(yi)(yi)從(cong)管(guan)腳和管(guan)子內(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)結構來(lai)判別(bie),如果管(guan)腳不是(shi)被剪過的(de),目前普遍認為發(fa)光(guang)(guang)二極(ji)管(guan)的(de)長管(guan)腳是(shi)正極(ji),短管(guan)腳是(shi)負極(ji),和立式電解(jie)電容的(de)極(ji)性辨別(bie)是(shi)一致(zhi)的(de)。從(cong)管(guan)芯(xin)(xin)內(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)結構來(lai)看,管(guan)芯(xin)(xin)是(shi)由大小瓣兩(liang)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分組成,大瓣上有一圓錐坑以(yi)(yi)便(bian)聚光(guang)(guang)提高亮度,中間通(tong)過一細金屬線將(jiang)兩(liang)瓣連在一起,與管(guan)芯(xin)(xin)小瓣部(bu)(bu)(bu)分相接的(de)是(shi)長腳正極(ji),與管(guan)芯(xin)(xin)大瓣部(bu)(bu)(bu)分相接是(shi)短腳負極(ji)。
(3)萬用表(biao)歐姆檔來判斷,當(dang)正(zheng)向導通時電阻值小(xiao)(xiao),用黑(hei)(hei)表(biao)筆連接的就是二極(ji)(ji)管的正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)。順口溜叫(jiao)“黑(hei)(hei)小(xiao)(xiao)正(zheng)、紅大負”。
普(pu)通二極管(guan)(guan)的檢測(ce):二極管(guan)(guan)的極性通常在管(guan)(guan)殼(ke)上注有(you)標記,如無標記,可用萬用表電阻檔測(ce)量(liang)其(qi)正反(fan)向電阻來判斷(一般用R×100或×1K檔)
普(pu)通發光二極管(guan)的檢測:
(1)利(li)用(yong)具有×10kΩ擋的指針式萬用(yong)表可以(yi)大致(zhi)判斷發(fa)光(guang)二極管的好壞。正(zheng)常時,二極管正(zheng)向電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)阻(zu)(zu)值(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)幾十至200kΩ,反向電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)的值(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)∝。如(ru)果正(zheng)向電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)值(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)0或(huo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)∞,反向電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)值(zhi)很(hen)小或(huo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)0,則(ze)易損壞。這種檢測方法,不能(neng)實地看(kan)到發(fa)光(guang)管的發(fa)光(guang)情況,因為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)×10kΩ擋不能(neng)向LED提供較大正(zheng)向電(dian)流。
(2)用3V穩壓源或兩節(jie)串聯的干電池及萬用表(指針式(shi)或數(shu)字式(shi)皆可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke))可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)較(jiao)準確測量發光(guang)(guang)(guang)二極管的光(guang)(guang)(guang)、電特性(xing)。為此可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)按(an)圖10所示連接電路即(ji)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)。如果測得VF在(zai)1.4~3V之間,且(qie)(qie)發光(guang)(guang)(guang)亮度(du)正常(chang),可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)說明發光(guang)(guang)(guang)正常(chang)。如果測得VF=0或VF≈3V,且(qie)(qie)不(bu)發光(guang)(guang)(guang),說明發光(guang)(guang)(guang)管已壞。
紅(hong)外(wai)發(fa)(fa)光(guang)(guang)(guang)二極管(guan)的(de)檢測(ce):由于(yu)紅(hong)外(wai)發(fa)(fa)光(guang)(guang)(guang)二極管(guan),它發(fa)(fa)射1~3μm的(de)紅(hong)外(wai)光(guang)(guang)(guang),人(ren)眼(yan)看(kan)不(bu)到。通常(chang)(chang)單只(zhi)紅(hong)外(wai)發(fa)(fa)光(guang)(guang)(guang)二極管(guan)發(fa)(fa)射功率只(zhi)有數mW,不(bu)同型號的(de)紅(hong)外(wai)LED發(fa)(fa)光(guang)(guang)(guang)強度角分布也(ye)不(bu)相(xiang)同。紅(hong)外(wai)LED的(de)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)向(xiang)壓降一般為1.3~2.5V。正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)是(shi)由于(yu)其(qi)發(fa)(fa)射的(de)紅(hong)外(wai)光(guang)(guang)(guang)人(ren)眼(yan)看(kan)不(bu)見(jian),所以利(li)用上(shang)(shang)述(shu)可(ke)見(jian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)LED的(de)檢測(ce)法只(zhi)能(neng)判(pan)(pan)定其(qi)PN結正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、反向(xiang)電(dian)學特性是(shi)否(fou)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)常(chang)(chang),而無(wu)法判(pan)(pan)定其(qi)發(fa)(fa)光(guang)(guang)(guang)情況正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)常(chang)(chang)否(fou)。為此,最好準備一只(zhi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)敏器件(如2CR、2DR型硅光(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)池)作(zuo)接收器。用萬用表測(ce)光(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)池兩端電(dian)壓的(de)變化情況。來判(pan)(pan)斷(duan)紅(hong)外(wai)LED加上(shang)(shang)適(shi)當正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)向(xiang)電(dian)流后是(shi)否(fou)發(fa)(fa)射紅(hong)外(wai)光(guang)(guang)(guang)。
三極(ji)管:三極(ji)管就是由二個PN結構成三個極(ji)的電子元件,基極(ji)(B)集電極(ji)(C)、發射極(ji)(E)。
三(san)(san)極管作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong):三(san)(san)極管在電路中主(zhu)要起電流放大和開(kai)關(guan)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong);也起隔(ge)離作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。
三極(ji)管命(ming)名(ming):中國半(ban)導體器件(jian)型號(hao)命(ming)名(ming)方(fang)法半(ban)導體器件(jian)型號(hao)由五(wu)部分(場效應器件(jian)、半(ban)導體特殊器件(jian)、復合管、PIN型管、激光器件(jian)的型號(hao)命(ming)名(ming)只有(you)第(di)三、四、五(wu)部分)組成。
第一部分:用數字(zi)表示半導體器(qi)件有效電(dian)極數目。2-二極管(guan)、3-三極管(guan)。
第二(er)部分:用(yong)漢(han)語(yu)拼音字母表(biao)示(shi)半(ban)導體(ti)器件的材(cai)(cai)料(liao)和極性。表(biao)示(shi)二(er)極管時:A-N型(xing)(xing)鍺(zang)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)、B-P型(xing)(xing)鍺(zang)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)、C-N型(xing)(xing)硅(gui)(gui)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)、D-P型(xing)(xing)硅(gui)(gui)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)。表(biao)示(shi)三(san)極管時:A-PNP型(xing)(xing)鍺(zang)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)、B-NPN型(xing)(xing)鍺(zang)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)、C-PNP型(xing)(xing)硅(gui)(gui)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)、D-NPN型(xing)(xing)硅(gui)(gui)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)。
第三部(bu)分:用(yong)漢語拼音字母表示半導體(ti)器(qi)件(jian)的內型。P-普通管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、V-微波管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、W-穩壓(ya)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、C-參量管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、Z-整流(liu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、L-整流(liu)堆(dui)、S-隧(sui)道(dao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、N-阻尼管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、U- 光電器(qi)件(jian)、K-開關管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、X-低頻小(xiao)功(gong)率管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(F<3MHz,Pc<1W)、G-高頻小(xiao)功(gong)率管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(f>3MHz,Pc<1W)、D-低頻大功(gong)率管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(f<3MHz,Pc>1W)、A-高頻大功(gong)率管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(f>3MHz,Pc>1W)、T-半導體(ti)晶閘管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(可控整流(liu)器(qi))、 Y-體(ti)效(xiao)(xiao)應器(qi)件(jian)、B-雪崩(beng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、J-階躍恢復(fu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、CS-場效(xiao)(xiao)應管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、BT-半導體(ti)特殊器(qi)件(jian)、FH-復(fu)合管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、PIN-PIN型管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、JG-激光器(qi)件(jian)。
第四部分:用(yong)數字表(biao)示(shi)(shi)序號第五部分:用(yong)漢語拼(pin)音(yin)字母表(biao)示(shi)(shi)規格(ge)號
例如:3DG18表示NPN型(xing)硅(gui)材料高頻三極管
三(san)極管分(fen)類
1)按材料和極性分有(you)硅/鍺材料的NPN與PNP三極管。
2)按功率(lv)分有小功率(lv)三(san)極管、中(zhong)功率(lv)三(san)極管、大功率(lv)三(san)極管。
3)按用(yong)途分有高(gao)、中頻(pin)(pin)放(fang)(fang)大(da)管(guan)、低頻(pin)(pin)放(fang)(fang)大(da)管(guan)、低噪聲放(fang)(fang)大(da)管(guan)、光電管(guan)、開關管(guan)、高(gao)反壓(ya)管(guan)、達林(lin)頓管(guan)、帶阻尼的(de)三極管(guan)等。
4)按工(gong)作頻率分有低(di)頻三(san)極管、高頻三(san)極管和(he)超高頻三(san)極管。
5)按制作工(gong)藝分有(you)平(ping)面型三極管、合金型三極管、擴散型三極管。
6)按外形封(feng)裝(zhuang)的不同可(ke)分為金屬封(feng)裝(zhuang)三(san)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)、玻璃封(feng)裝(zhuang)三(san)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)、陶瓷(ci)封(feng)裝(zhuang)三(san)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)、塑(su)料(liao)封(feng)裝(zhuang)三(san)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)等。
三(san)(san)極管(guan)引(yin)腳(jiao)極性:插件引(yin)腳(jiao)圖示(1),貼件引(yin)腳(jiao)圖示(2)下(xia)(xia)圖為9014。般中小(xiao)功率的(de)三(san)(san)極管(guan)都(dou)是遵守(shou)左向(xiang)右依次(ci)(ci)為ebc(條(tiao)件是中小(xiao)功率塑料三(san)(san)極管(guan)按(an)圖使其平面朝向(xiang)自己,三(san)(san)個引(yin)腳(jiao)朝下(xia)(xia)放置,則(ze)從(cong)左到右依次(ci)(ci)為ebc)。
場(chang)效應管(guan):MOS場(chang)效應管(guan)即(ji)金(jin)屬-氧化物-半導(dao)體型場(chang)效應管(guan),英文縮寫為MOSFET(Metal-Oxide-SemiconductorField-Effect-Transistor),屬于絕緣柵型。
金屬(shu)氧化物半(ban)導(dao)體(ti)場效(xiao)應(ying)三極管的(de)(de)基(ji)本工作原理是靠半(ban)導(dao)體(ti)表面的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)場效(xiao)應(ying),在半(ban)導(dao)體(ti)中(zhong)感生(sheng)出導(dao)電(dian)(dian)溝道來(lai)進(jin)行工作的(de)(de)。當(dang)柵G電(dian)(dian)壓VG增大時,p型半(ban)導(dao)體(ti)表面的(de)(de)多數載(zai)流子(zi)棗空穴逐(zhu)漸(jian)減少、耗盡,而電(dian)(dian)子(zi)逐(zhu)漸(jian)積(ji)(ji)累(lei)到反型。當(dang)表面達到反型時,電(dian)(dian)子(zi)積(ji)(ji)累(lei)層將在n+源區S和n+漏區D之間形成導(dao)電(dian)(dian)溝道。
當(dang)VDS≠0時,源(yuan)(yuan)漏電極之(zhi)間有較(jiao)大的(de)電流IDS流過。使半導體表面達到強反型時所需加的(de)柵源(yuan)(yuan)電壓稱為閾值電壓VT。當(dang)VGS>VT并(bing)取不(bu)同數值時,反型層的(de)導電能(neng)力(li)將改(gai)變(bian),在相同的(de)VDS下也(ye)將產生(sheng)不(bu)同的(de)IDS,實現(xian)柵源(yuan)(yuan)電壓VGS對源(yuan)(yuan)漏電流IDS的(de)控制。
場(chang)效(xiao)(xiao)應分(fen)類:場(chang)效(xiao)(xiao)應管(guan)主要(yao)有(you)結型場(chang)效(xiao)(xiao)應管(guan)(JFET)和絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)柵(zha)型場(chang)效(xiao)(xiao)應管(guan)(IGFET)。絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)柵(zha)型場(chang)效(xiao)(xiao)應管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)襯底(di)(B)與(yu)源(yuan)析(S)連在一起(qi),它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)三個(ge)(ge)極(ji)分(fen)別(bie)為柵(zha)極(ji)(G)、漏極(ji)(D)和源(yuan)極(ji)(S)。晶體管(guan)分(fen)NPN和PNP管(guan),它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)三個(ge)(ge)極(ji)分(fen)別(bie)為基極(ji)(b)、集電(dian)極(ji)(c)、發射極(ji)(e)。場(chang)效(xiao)(xiao)應管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)G、D、S極(ji)與(yu)晶體管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)b、c、e極(ji)有(you)相似的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能。
絕(jue)緣柵型效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)管(guan)和結型場效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)管(guan)的(de)區(qu)別(bie)在于它們(men)的(de)導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)構和電(dian)(dian)流控制原理根(gen)本不同,結型管(guan)是利用耗盡區(qu)的(de)寬度變化(hua)來改(gai)變導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)溝道的(de)寬窄以便控制漏極電(dian)(dian)流,絕(jue)緣柵型場效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)管(guan)則(ze)是用半導(dao)(dao)體表面的(de)電(dian)(dian)場效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)、電(dian)(dian)感應(ying)電(dian)(dian)荷的(de)多少去(qu)改(gai)變導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)溝道來控制電(dian)(dian)流。
它們(men)(men)性質的差異使結型場效應(ying)(ying)管(guan)往(wang)往(wang)運(yun)用(yong)在(zai)功放(fang)輸(shu)入級(ji)(前級(ji)),絕緣(yuan)柵型場效應(ying)(ying)管(guan)則用(yong)在(zai)功放(fang)末級(ji)(輸(shu)出級(ji))。場效應(ying)(ying)管(guan)的工(gong)作原理(li)和三極管(guan)其本一(yi)樣,只是他(ta)們(men)(men)一(yi)個(ge)是壓(ya)控(kong)型元件,一(yi)個(ge)是電流(liu)控(kong)制元件,場效應(ying)(ying)管(guan)只有一(yi)個(ge)PN結,如圖(tu)所(suo)示1-1
場效應分類使用注意(yi)事項及檢測(ce)方法:MOS場效應管比較(jiao)“嬌氣”。這是(shi)由于它的輸入電(dian)(dian)阻很高(gao)(gao),而(er)(er)柵-源極間電(dian)(dian)容又非常小,極易受外界電(dian)(dian)磁場或靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)的感(gan)應而(er)(er)帶電(dian)(dian),而(er)(er)少量電(dian)(dian)荷就可(ke)在極間電(dian)(dian)容上形成(cheng)相當高(gao)(gao)的電(dian)(dian)壓(U=Q/C),將管子(zi)損壞。因此出廠時(shi)各管腳都絞合(he)在一起,或裝在金屬箔內,使G極與S極呈等電(dian)(dian)位,防止積累(lei)靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)荷。管子(zi)不(bu)用時(shi),全部(bu)引線也應短接。
在(zai)測量時應(ying)格外小心,并采取(qu)相應(ying)的防靜電感措施(shi)。測量之前,先把人體(ti)對地(di)(di)短路后(hou),才(cai)能摸觸(chu)MOSFET的管(guan)腳。最好在(zai)手腕上接一條導線(xian)(xian)與大(da)地(di)(di)連通,使人體(ti)與大(da)地(di)(di)保持等電位。再(zai)把管(guan)腳分開,然后(hou)拆掉(diao)導線(xian)(xian)。將萬用表撥于R×100檔,首先確定柵極(ji)。
若某腳(jiao)與其(qi)它腳(jiao)的(de)(de)電阻都是無(wu)窮大,證(zheng)明此腳(jiao)就是柵極(ji)(ji)(ji)G。交換表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)筆重測量,S-D之間的(de)(de)電阻值應(ying)為幾百歐(ou)至幾千歐(ou),其(qi)中阻值較(jiao)小的(de)(de)那一(yi)次,黑(hei)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)筆接的(de)(de)為D極(ji)(ji)(ji),紅表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)筆接的(de)(de)是S極(ji)(ji)(ji)。日本生產的(de)(de)3SK系(xi)列產品,S極(ji)(ji)(ji)與管殼接通,據(ju)此很(hen)容(rong)易確定S極(ji)(ji)(ji)。將(jiang)G極(ji)(ji)(ji)懸空(kong),黑(hei)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)筆接D極(ji)(ji)(ji),紅表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)筆接S極(ji)(ji)(ji),然后(hou)用(yong)手指觸(chu)摸G極(ji)(ji)(ji),表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)針應(ying)有較(jiao)大的(de)(de)偏轉。
雙柵(zha)MOS場效應管(guan)有(you)兩個柵(zha)極(ji)(ji)G1、G2。為(wei)區分之,可(ke)用手分別觸(chu)摸G1、G2極(ji)(ji),其中表針向左側偏轉幅度較大的為(wei)G2極(ji)(ji)。目前有(you)的MOSFET管(guan)在G-S極(ji)(ji)間增(zeng)加了保(bao)護二極(ji)(ji)管(guan),平時(shi)就不需要(yao)把各管(guan)腳短路了。對于其它相關(guan)認(ren)識(shi),我不做細說,只要(yao)大家(jia)能認(ren)識(shi)就行了。
集成(cheng)電(dian)路(lu):集成(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)是一種采用特殊工藝,將(jiang)晶(jing)體管、電(dian)阻(zu)、電(dian)容等(deng)元件集成(cheng)在硅基片上(shang)而形成(cheng)的具(ju)有一定功能的器件,英文為縮寫為IC,也(ye)俗(su)稱芯片。在電(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)用“U”表示(shi)。
集(ji)成電(dian)(dian)路分(fen)類:集(ji)成電(dian)(dian)路根據(ju)(ju)不(bu)同的功能用(yong)途分(fen)為(wei)(wei)模擬和數字(zi)兩大(da)(da)派別,而具體功能更是(shi)數不(bu)勝數,其應用(yong)遍及人類生活的方方面面。集(ji)成電(dian)(dian)路根據(ju)(ju)內部的集(ji)成度分(fen)為(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)規(gui)模中規(gui)模小規(gui)模三類。其封裝(zhuang)(zhuang)又(you)有許多形式(shi)。“雙列直(zhi)插(cha)(cha)”和“單列直(zhi)插(cha)(cha)”的最為(wei)(wei)常(chang)見(jian)。消(xiao)費類電(dian)(dian)子產(chan)品(pin)(pin)中用(yong)軟(ruan)封裝(zhuang)(zhuang)的IC,精密(mi)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)中用(yong)貼片(pian)封裝(zhuang)(zhuang)的IC等。
集(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路使(shi)用(yong)注意事項:大部份IC采用(yong)CMOS元件為核(he)心集(ji)成(cheng);對于CMOS型IC,特別要注意防止靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)擊穿IC,最好也不要用(yong)未接地的電(dian)(dian)烙(luo)鐵焊接。使(shi)用(yong)IC也要注意其參數,如工作電(dian)(dian)壓,散熱(re)等(deng)。數字IC多用(yong)+5V的工作電(dian)(dian)壓,模擬IC工作電(dian)(dian)壓各異。
集(ji)成電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)型號:集(ji)成電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)有(you)各種型號,其命(ming)名也有(you)一定規律。一般(ban)是由前綴、數字編號、后(hou)綴組(zu)成。前綴表(biao)示(shi)集(ji)成電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的生產廠家(jia)及類別,后(hou)綴一般(ban)用來(lai)表(biao)示(shi)集(ji)成電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的封裝形式(shi)、版本代號等(deng)。常(chang)用的集(ji)成電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)如小功率音(yin)頻放大器LM386就(jiu)因為后(hou)綴不同而有(you)許多種。
回(hui)收(shou)各類電(dian)子元(yuan)(yuan)器件(jian),所指的(de)是電(dian)子元(yuan)(yuan)器件(jian)在使用后的(de)報廢品(pin)或者淘汰(tai)(tai)品(pin),因為(wei)(wei)無法再對廠家產生使用價值或已經被淘汰(tai)(tai)不(bu)匹配的(de)產品(pin),為(wei)(wei)了不(bu)丟棄污染環(huan)境,一(yi)些(xie)回(hui)收(shou)廠商會把這些(xie)電(dian)子元(yuan)(yuan)器件(jian)按回(hui)收(shou)價格重新回(hui)收(shou)加工(gong)利(li)用,所以這種方式(shi)是對雙方都有利(li)的(de)。